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How to skip ChatGPT from WireGuard or OpenVPN on Linux

Par : Vivek Gite
nixCraft Patreon supporters can download the PDF version here.

ChatGPT (short for Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer) is a chatbot by OpenAI. It provides answers to your queries using learning techniques based on AI/ML. Unfortunately, ChatGPT deny access when connected via VPN (Virtual Private Network) such as WireGuard or OpenVPN, and you will be blocked with the following message:
How to skip ChatGPT from WireGuard or OpenVPN on Linux
Let us see how to skip the ChatGPT domain from WireGuard or OpenVPN access while you can access corporate resources behind VPN.

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The post How to skip ChatGPT from WireGuard or OpenVPN on Linux appeared first on nixCraft.

How to install and edit desktop files on Linux (Desktop entries)

Par : Vivek Gite

Linux comes with three commands for developers, sysadmins and users to set up a hierarchy of applications, typically displayed as a menu. In other words, these commands allow third-party software to add menu items that work for all desktops. In addition, it allows Linux system administrators to edit menus in a way that affects all desktops using the following commands to install and edit desktop files on Linux to make Desktop entries:

  1. desktop-file-edit command is a tool for editing desktop files.
  2. Use the desktop-file-install command to install .desktop files.
  3. Update database of desktop entries cache using the update-desktop-database command.
  4. Validate desktop entry files using desktop-file-validate command.

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The post How to install and edit desktop files on Linux (Desktop entries) appeared first on nixCraft.

How to migrate from CentOS 8 to AlmaLinux (conversion)

Par : Vivek Gite

I already wrote about migrating from CentOS 8 to CentOS Stream. I also have a guide about migrating from CentOS 8 to Rocky Linux. Today, I am working on another side project with my partner, and I wanted to try out AlmaLinux. Hence, this quick post will list steps to convert existing VM or bare metal server from CentOS 8 to AlmaLinux 8. The server currently acts as API for mobile apps, including PostgreSQL, Redis, Python+Django, Apache web server, and SELinux and firewalld.

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The post How to migrate from CentOS 8 to AlmaLinux (conversion) appeared first on nixCraft.

How to migrate from CentOS 8 to Rocky Linux (conversion)

Par : Vivek Gite

I already wrote about migrating from CentOS 8 to CentOS Stream. Now, I am migrating Linode VM from CentOS 8 to Rocky Linux 8. The server runs a very simple workload that includes PHP 8.1, MariaDB server and Nginx, and SELinux and firewalld.

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The post How to migrate from CentOS 8 to Rocky Linux (conversion) appeared first on nixCraft.

How to migrate from CentOS 8 to CentOS stream conversion

Par : Vivek Gite

As you know, CentOS 8 is ending soon. Red Hat is making the shift from CentOS 8 to CentOS Stream. CentOS stream places itself between Fedora Linux and RHEL. It is not 100% RHEL clone but ahead of RHEL development. Think of it as a midstream distro. Of course, if you need 100% RHEL compatibility, then you need Rocky Linux or AlmaLinux. However, the CentOS stream is more than sufficient for me as I only need Apache, Perl, and Python for my use case. This page explains how to migrate the existing installation of CentOS 8 stable to CentOS Stream without reinstalling a new operating system.

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The post How to migrate from CentOS 8 to CentOS stream conversion appeared first on nixCraft.

How to find a path of a Linux command like a pro

Par : Vivek Gite

One of the most common questions I get is how can I find a Linux command path that I just installed on Linux using a package manager such as apt/dnf command. We have many new developers coming from the Windows world. Many are first-time Linux users. Some are using Linux from WSL, and others are directly dealing with cloud servers over ssh. Let us see some common commands to list or find a path for Linux commands.

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The post How to find a path of a Linux command like a pro appeared first on nixCraft.

Quick Tip: Turn off the login banner in Linux or Unix .hushlogin file

Par : Vivek Gite

Did you know? You can turn off the banner in Linux or Unix using a particular file. When you log in using ssh or other methods, you will find tons of information on the screen. Here is how my FreeBSD home server login looks:

FreeBSD login banner

Default motd with my hardware and other info

The first one is /etc/motd, and the second is the output of neofetch called from ~/.profile file. And my Ubuntu Linux box showing stuff too when I login using the ssh command:

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The post Quick Tip: Turn off the login banner in Linux or Unix .hushlogin file appeared first on nixCraft.

How to install Dart on Linux and set up VIM as IDE

Par : Vivek Gite

Dart is easy to use BSD licensed programming language to build mobile, desktop, server, and web apps. Google creates and maintains the Dart ecosystem. It follows C-style syntax. We can compile code either to the native platform or JavaScript. Flutter allows building iOS/Android mobile and desktop/web apps from a single code base. Let us see how to install Dart programming language on a Debian or Ubuntu Linux and set vim as IDE.

The post How to install Dart on Linux and set up VIM as IDE appeared first on nixCraft.

Adding spice to your sudo session with a lecture file on Linux or Unix

Par : Vivek Gite

groot
Despite some severe bugs in sudo, it remains the defacto tool to gain root shell or run command as another user on Linux, macOS, and Unix-like systems. The sudo command allows the system administrator to grant an individual user access to unprivileged commands. For instance, I can give developers the ability to restart the Apache webserver or PHP/Python process on a Linux server. Let us see how to remind developers and unprivileged users about the power of sudo for fun and profit. In this quick tip, I will show you how to add some spice to your sudo session with a lecture file on Linux or Unix.

The post Adding spice to your sudo session with a lecture file on Linux or Unix appeared first on nixCraft.

duf – Disk Usage/Free Utility for Linux, BSD, macOS & Windows

Par : Vivek Gite

duf - Disk Usage Free Utility for Linux, BSD, macOS & Windows
We use the df command to show how much disk space is free on mounted file systems in Linux, macOS, and Unix-like systems. We also have the du command to estimate file space usage. We now have another fancy and fantastic looking tool called duf to display statistics on free disk space in Unix, Linux, macOS, *BSD, Android, and Windows written in Golang.

The post duf – Disk Usage/Free Utility for Linux, BSD, macOS & Windows appeared first on nixCraft.

How to unlock LUKS using Dropbear SSH keys remotely in Linux

Par : Vivek Gite


On Linux, we encrypt our partitions and entire disk using Linux Unified Key Setup-on-disk-format (LUKS) for security and privacy reasons. We unlock LUKS protected disk by providing a passphrase at boot time. You need to be in front of your computer or use a remote console to open the encrypted disk under Linux at boot time. However, if your system is in the basement, remote datacenter/office, or upstairs office, you won't able to unlock and boot your Linux box. We can use the Dropbear SSH server for LUKS encrypted Debian or Ubuntu or any other Linux distro via SSH to solve this problem. Let us see how to unlock LUKS using Dropbear SSH keys in Linux at boot time.

The post How to unlock LUKS using Dropbear SSH keys remotely in Linux appeared first on nixCraft.

How to change LUKS disk encryption passphrase in Linux

Par : Vivek Gite

How to change LUKS disk encryption passphrase in Linux
We use encryption to protect mobile devices. For instance, I always use LUKS disk encryption to protect all files stored on my SSD. Dm-crypt (Cryptsetup and LUKS) open-source disk encryption is transparent disk encryption and a great way to keep your data secure. However, changing passphrase is a bit of a challenge for new Linux users and developers. This step-by-step guide explains how to find LUKS slots assigned to you and change your passphrase on a Debian/Ubuntu, CentOS/RHEL, OpenSUSE/SUSE other Linux distros.

The post How to change LUKS disk encryption passphrase in Linux appeared first on nixCraft.

GNU/Bash 5.1 released with the random ${SRANDOM} number engine

Par : Vivek Gite

Current GNU/Bash maintainer Chet Ramey announced the latest major release, Bash 5.1, on December 7th, 2020. Bash is the default shell on many Linux distros and popular among developers, especially those working with Linux containers. It is the fifth major release of bash. It came with a new enhanced random number generation and added a new variable called SRANDOM. Let us see how to install and use newly released GNU/BASH 5.1 on Linux.

The post GNU/Bash 5.1 released with the random ${SRANDOM} number engine appeared first on nixCraft.

Linux set up bluetooth speaker to stream audio from your Android / iOS mobile phone

Par : Vivek Gite

So how do you stream audio from your Apple iOS or Google Android phone to your laptop speaker? Let us see how to set up a Bluetooth speaker to stream audio from your Android / iOS mobile phone to your Linux based laptop or desktop that got better audio speakers.

The post Linux set up bluetooth speaker to stream audio from your Android / iOS mobile phone appeared first on nixCraft.

Quick tip: Display banner/message before OpenSSH authentication

Par : Vivek Gite

Want to display a message or banner before OpenSSH (SSHD server) authentication? Try this simple tip to show the banner or ASCII logo on your Linux or Unix system.

The post Quick tip: Display banner/message before OpenSSH authentication appeared first on nixCraft.

How to backup and restore LUKS header on Linux

Par : Vivek Gite

LUKS backup and restore on Linux
Previously I explained how to encrypt Linux partitions or disk with the LUKS (Linux Unified Key Setup)/dm-crypt. In this quick blog post, I will explain how to backup and restore LUKS header for emergency purposes. Backup is useful for recovering from misconfigurations, corrupted headers or forgotten passphrase or unknown password.

The post How to backup and restore LUKS header on Linux appeared first on nixCraft.

bashtop – Awesome Linux resource monitor that shows usage and stats for processor, memory, disks, and network

Par : Vivek Gite

bashtop in action
There is a new kid in town for resource monitoring on Linux called bashtop. As the name suggests, the entire tool coded in the bash script itself that displays usage and stats for CPU, RAD, HDD/SSD, network, and other resources. Let us see how to install and use bashtop, which is an awesome Linux resource monitor. You don't need a Linux desktop to install it. You can also install this app on macOS/FreeBSD provided that you meet software requirements.

The post bashtop – Awesome Linux resource monitor that shows usage and stats for processor, memory, disks, and network appeared first on nixCraft.

10 Linux commands to know the system

Par : Vivek Gite

10 Linux command to know the system
Here are 10 Linux command to know the system and increase your productivity quickly.

The post 10 Linux commands to know the system appeared first on nixCraft.

How to push/send message to iOS and Android from Linux CLI

Par : Vivek Gite

How to push or send message to iOS and Android
One of the essential tasks for developers and sysadmin is to get an alert notification about failed services or running out of disk space and other critical failures. Let us see how to send or push a direct message to a mobile device powered by Apple iOS or Google Android phone.

The post How to push/send message to iOS and Android from Linux CLI appeared first on nixCraft.

CentOS Linux 8.2 (2004) released and here is how to upgrade it

Par : Vivek Gite

CentOS Linux 8.2 (2004) released. It is a Linux distribution derived from RHEL (Red Hat Enterprise Linux) 8.2 source code. CentOS was created when Red Hat stopped providing RHEL free. CentOS 8.2 gives complete control of its open-source software packages and is fully customized for research needs or for running a high-performance website without the need for license fees. Let us see what's new in CentOS 8.2 (2004) and how to upgrade existing CentOS 8.1.1199 server to 8.2.2004 using the command line.

The post CentOS Linux 8.2 (2004) released and here is how to upgrade it appeared first on nixCraft.

bat Linux command – A cat clone with written in Rust

Par : Vivek Gite

bat Linux command in action on my Ubuntu desktop
The cat (short for concatenate) command is one of the most frequently used flexible commands on Linux and Unix-like operating systems. Say hello to bat Linux command, which is a cat command written in Rust programming language. The bat command comes with syntax highlighting, git integration, and works as is a drop-in cat command replacement. Let us see how to install bat on Linux and Unix system for fun and profit.

The post bat Linux command – A cat clone with written in Rust appeared first on nixCraft.

Linux / Unix desktop fun: gti get jeep/car when you mistype git

Par : Vivek Gite

One of the most common mistakes developers and ops people make is typing gti instead of git command. I set an alias i.e. alias gti=git, but then you may miss out on the jeep/car on your screen.
gti get jeep or car on linux or unix screen when you mistype git

The post Linux / Unix desktop fun: gti get jeep/car when you mistype git appeared first on nixCraft.

CentOS Linux 8.1 (1911) released and here is how to upgrade it

Par : Vivek Gite

CentOS Linux 8.1 (1191) released. It is a Linux distribution derived from RHEL (Red Hat Enterprise Linux) 8.1 source code. CentOS was created when Red Hat stopped providing RHEL free. CentOS 8.1 gives complete control of its open-source software packages and is fully customized for research needs or for running a high-performance website without the need for license fees. Let us see what's new in CentOS 8.1 (1911) and how to upgrade existing CentOS 8.0.1905 server to 8.1.1911 using the command line.

The post CentOS Linux 8.1 (1911) released and here is how to upgrade it appeared first on nixCraft.

killersheep – Silly game for Vim version 8.2

Par : Vivek Gite

Vim is my favorite text editor and version 8.2 released. The new version includes support for popup windows and text properties. Popup windows can be used for many purposes. For example, a list of choices can be displayed, where the user selects an entry with keys or with the mouse. There is also a new vim game released named as killersheep to show you new capabilities of Vim. Let us see how to install and play killersheep.
killersheep - Silly game for vim version 8.2

The post killersheep – Silly game for Vim version 8.2 appeared first on nixCraft.

pfetch Linux and Unix hardware information tool

Par : Vivek Gite

The neofetch command like utility written in a bash shell. The main purpose of neofetch is to be used in screenshots to display other users what operating system or Linux distro you are using including theme, icons, hardware config and more. Now we have another tool called pfetch. It is a pretty system information tool written in POSIX sh. Let us see how to install and use pfetch Linux and Unix hardware information tool.
pfetch Linux and Unix hardware running on Ubuntu

The post pfetch Linux and Unix hardware information tool appeared first on nixCraft.

CentOS Linux 7.7 released and here is how to update it

Par : Vivek Gite

The CentOS Linux project has released an updated version of its stable Linux distribution CentOS Linux 7.7. You must upgrade to get corrections for security problem as this version made a few adjustments for the severe issue found in CentOS 7.6. CentOS is a Linux distro that is mainly maintained and updated through the work of many users who volunteer their time and effort. It is based upon RHEL 7.7 upstream source code.

The post CentOS Linux 7.7 released and here is how to update it appeared first on nixCraft.

Linux Kernel 5.3 released and here is how to install it

Par : Vivek Gite

Linux kernel version 5.3 released. This version includes many improvements including support for AMD Navi GPU, support for new IPv4 addresses in the 0.0.0.0/8 range, the lightweight hypervisor ACRN for embedded IoT devices and much more.

The post Linux Kernel 5.3 released and here is how to install it appeared first on nixCraft.

FreeBSD 12 released: Here is how to upgrade FreeBSD 11 to 12

Par : Vivek Gite

The FreeBSD project announces the availability of FreeBSD 12.0-RELEASE. It is the first release of the stable/12 branch. The new version comes with updated software and features for a wild variety of architectures. The latest release provides performance improvements and better support for FreeBSD jails and more. One can benefit greatly using an upgraded version of FreeBSD.

The post FreeBSD 12 released: Here is how to upgrade FreeBSD 11 to 12 appeared first on nixCraft.

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