Connexion
Btrfs, which stands for "Butter FS" or "B-tree FS," is a modern Linux file system. It was developed to overcome the limitations of older file systems like ext4 or ext3. Btrfs is an excellent choice for efficient storage management on multiple Hard Disk Drivers. It supports Linux file systems with snapshots, subvolumes, and built-in RAID-like capabilities that provide robust data protection. It is designed to handle huge file systems and file sizes. Btrfs incorporates checksumming and COW (Copy-on-write), making it more resilient to data corruption. The COW feature means changes are written to new locations instead of overwriting existing data, enhancing data protection and enabling snapshots. After installation, let us see how to install Btrfs support for Debian Linux 11 or 12 using the CLI.
In my case, the EC2 VM AMI is configured to use ext4 by default at AWS. However, I had to make changes since I needed to store files using EBS (Elastic Block Store) and Python code expected to see BTRFS. Hence, this quick tutorial.
Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit
The post How to install BTRFS on a Debian Linux 12/11 appeared first on nixCraft.
GnuPG2 (or GPG2) is an open-source and free tool that implements the OpenPGP standard. Its primary purpose is to encrypt your sensitive information to protect it from unauthorized access. It also allows you to create digital signatures, guaranteeing that the data hasn't been tampered with while in transit. Many newly created Debian 11/12 cloud VMs and images may not have the gpg/gpg2 command installed. Thus, you will get an error that reads "-bash: gpg: command not found." Here is how to fix this error and install gnupg2 on a Debian Linux 11 or 12. Further, you will learn how to use the gpg command.
Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit
The post How to install GPG (gnupg2) on a Debian Linux to fix gpg command not found error appeared first on nixCraft.
Sometimes, when you try to install specific Debian Linux packages, you might encounter an error message that reads:
Unable to locate package pkg-name-here
In many cases, the required package might already be present in the remote download repos. It would be best to have an additional repository, such as contrib, which adds extra packages to the core Debian Linux system. To enable and use the contrib repository in Debian Linux version 10/11/12 or newer versions, follow the instructions below.
Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit
The post How to enable contrib repo on Debian Linux 10/11/12 appeared first on nixCraft.
The Uncomplicated Firewall (UFW) needs to be configured to allow traffic on UDP ports 67 and 68, regardless of whether the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server is local or remote. Additionally, it may be necessary to open both TCP and UDP port 53, which are used for Domain Name Service (DNS). In small business and home environments, typically, both DNS and DHCP services come from a single device. Hence, it would be best if you opened both DHCP and DNS ports using the ufw command.
Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit
The post How to open DHCP port using UFW in Linux appeared first on nixCraft.
Are you interested in checking the changelog of a package on Debian or Ubuntu and Linux Mint? You may need to search to see if the particular CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures) is fixed. Suppose you have installed or upgraded a package in Debian or Ubuntu Linux. In that case, you can easily find out what changes have been made to the package, including new features or bug fixes. Here's how you can view the changelog of a Debian package in Debian or Ubuntu Linux.
Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit
The post Debian/Ubuntu Linux show package changelog command appeared first on nixCraft.
Debian Linux project announces the first update of the Debian project's stable distribution, Debian 12 (codename "bookworm") named Debian 12.1. This update mainly addresses security issues and significant problems. Security advisories have been published and are now available to download.
Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit
The post Debian Linux 12.1 released with Security Updates appeared first on nixCraft.
Red Hat launched the Ansible Lightspeed Code Assistant Generative AI with IBM Watson Code Assistant in May 2023. This preview is now available to all Ansible users, allowing them to explore the technology, provide feedback to Red Hat, and further train the AI model. In this brief blog post, I will share my personal experience with installing and utilizing Ansible Lightspeed AI to create playbooks in VSCode using Ubuntu Linux 20.04 LTS desktop.
Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit
The post Setting up VSCode for Ansible Lightspeed AI in Ubuntu 22.04 desktop appeared first on nixCraft.
If you're using Debian 12, you can easily manage your firewall with the help of Uncomplicated Firewall (UFW). UFW interface simplifies firewall management and handles the complexities of packet filtering technologies like iptables and nftables. It's a great option for beginners who want to set up a firewall. In this tutorial, we'll guide you through installing UFW in Debian Linux 12, configuring it to allow SSH, HTTP, HTTPS, and other connections, and enabling it to block unauthorized traffic.
Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit
The post How To Set Up a Firewall with UFW on Debian 12 appeared first on nixCraft.
Here is a quick tutorial on installing ZFS support in Debian Linux 12 "Bookworm" using "apt" or "apt-get" command-line option.
Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit
The post How to install ZFS in Debian 12 “Bookworm” appeared first on nixCraft.
Debian Linux 12 "Bookworm" has been released. As of 23/July/2023, Debian 12.1 point was released too. The new version offers updated packages and five years of support. This page provides a step-by-step guide to updating Debian 11 Bullseye to Debian 12 Bookworm using command-line options, including upgrading all installed packages.
Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit
The post How to upgrade Debian 11 to Debian 12 bookworm using CLI appeared first on nixCraft.
Debian 11 is an excellent server OS to run the LAMP stack. PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) is a widely-used open source general-purpose scripting language especially suited for web development. However, Debian 11 comes with PHP version 7.4. Here is how to install PHP 8.2 with Apache server on Debian 11 using the CLI or over ssh based session.
Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit
The post How to install PHP 8.2 with Apache on Debian 11 Linux appeared first on nixCraft.
You can install LXD pure-container hypervisor on Debian 11 Linux to run an unmodified version of Debian, Ubuntu, CentOS, Fedora, Alpine, Arch and many other Linux distro. You can mimic AWS or different cloud instance types with LXD for testing and deployment purposes on your development machine. You can also run a GUI app such as Firefox completely isolated using LXD for security or privacy reasons. Let us see how to set up and use LXD on the Debian Linux 11 server or desktop.
Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit
The post How To Install LXD on Debian 11 Linux appeared first on nixCraft.
Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit
The post nvtop – Awesome Linux task monitor for NVIDIA, AMD & Intel GPUs appeared first on nixCraft.
ChatGPT (short for Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer) is a chatbot by OpenAI. It provides answers to your queries using learning techniques based on AI/ML. Unfortunately, ChatGPT deny access when connected via VPN (Virtual Private Network) such as WireGuard or OpenVPN, and you will be blocked with the following message:
Let us see how to skip the ChatGPT domain from WireGuard or OpenVPN access while you can access corporate resources behind VPN.
Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit
The post How to skip ChatGPT from WireGuard or OpenVPN on Linux appeared first on nixCraft.
Are you running out of disk space on your Debian or Ubuntu Linux? Do you want to know which installed Debian or Ubuntu packages occupy the most disk space? There are many ways to find out this info. In this quick tip, you will learn about listing apt or apt-get installed packages that occupy the most space using the command-line options.
Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit
The post Find APT packages occupy the most space on Debian/Ubuntu appeared first on nixCraft.
The iptables and ip6tables commands are used to set up a Linux firewall. However, many new Linux sysadmins and users find it challenging to use iptables. Hence, the ufw program is for managing a Linux firewall and aims to provide an easy-to-use interface for the user. This page explains how to add a comment to your ufw firewall rules.
Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit
The post How do you add comments on UFW firewall rule? appeared first on nixCraft.
{nixCraft Patreon supporters content}
MySQL version 8.0 is a free and open-source database system used by most web applications and sites on the Internet. Typically MySQL is part of the LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, Perl/Python/PHP) stack. MySQL heavily uses popular open-source software such as WordPress, MediaWiki, and others as a database storage engine. Let us see how to install MySQL server version 8.x on Ubuntu 22.04 LTS Linux server, including settings up a new database, users and fine tuning server config.The post How to install MySQL server on Ubuntu 22.04 LTS Linux appeared first on Opensource Flare✨.
Let us see how to fix the "bash: add-apt-repository: command not found" error on an Ubuntu/Debian Linux system when you run the add-apt-repository command.
Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit
The post How to fix “bash: add-apt-repository: command not found” error on Ubuntu/Debian Linux appeared first on nixCraft.
This quick tutorial explains how to download and install the latest GIMP application on Ubuntu or Debian Linux and friend using the CLI.
Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit
The post How to install GIMP 2.10 on Ubuntu or Debian Linux appeared first on nixCraft.
Linux comes with three commands for developers, sysadmins and users to set up a hierarchy of applications, typically displayed as a menu. In other words, these commands allow third-party software to add menu items that work for all desktops. In addition, it allows Linux system administrators to edit menus in a way that affects all desktops using the following commands to install and edit desktop files on Linux to make Desktop entries:
Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit
The post How to install and edit desktop files on Linux (Desktop entries) appeared first on nixCraft.
How do I enable kernel crash dump Debian Linux 9/10/11 using the command-line option? How can I view crash reports on Debian machine?
Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit
The post How to on enable kernel crash dump on Debian Linux appeared first on nixCraft.
While working on the client's system, I found that the whois client was missing. So I used that in one of my deployment scripts. I should add that to cloud-init or Ansible, but the Ubuntu server was already running.
Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit
The post How to install whois on Ubuntu / Debian Linux appeared first on nixCraft.
{nixCraft Patreon supporters content}
You deployed a perfect firewall and other network security policies preventing unauthorized access to the user's desktop computer over a network. However, you still need to block USB device access. We can configure a Linux desktop security policy to protect your computer against rogue USB devices (a.k.a. BadUSB) by implementing essential allow and blocklisting capabilities based on device attributes. For instance, I can define what kind of USB devices are authorized and how a USB device interacts with the Linux system. For example, I can define policy allowing Yubikey with serial number "XYZ" and USB LTE modem with serial # "ABC." Every other USB device access is denied by default. This guide will cover the following topics:The post How to protect Linux against rogue USB devices using USBGuard appeared first on Opensource Flare✨.
The ffmpeg is free and open-source video converter software for Linux and Unix-like systems. However, on Ubuntu/Debian Linux and other distros, NVIDIA hardware-based encoding is disabled at compile time. So, naturally, you need supporting NVIDIA GPU. Apart from that, it would be best if you had CUDA support installed with GNU compilers. Let us see how to install everything one by one on a server or desktop powered by Ubuntu or Debian Linux.
Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit
The post How to install FFmpeg with NVIDIA GPU acceleration on Linux appeared first on nixCraft.
Most of us use love and use the jq command. It works on Linux or Unix-like systems to extract data from JSON documents. Recently I found htmlq, which is like jq and written in Rust lang. Imagine being able to sed or grep for HTML data. We can search, slice, and filter HTML data with htmlq. Let us see how to install and use this handy tool on Linux or Unix and play with HTML data.
Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit
The post How to use htmlq to extract content from HTML files on Linux, macOS or FreeBSD appeared first on nixCraft.
{nixCraft Patreon supporters content}
This guide explains how to set up MariaDB high-availability cluster for the database using the Galera library, which provides a virtual mater-to-master three-node cluster running on Debian or Ubuntu Linux.
The post How to set up Mariadb Galera cluster on Ubuntu or Debian Linux appeared first on Opensource Flare✨.
I have Debian 10.10 installed on the AWS EC2 and Linode server. How do I upgrade Debian 10 Buster to Debian 11 Bullseye using the apt command or apt-get command safely? How can I upgrade Debian 10 to Debian 11 using ssh client?
Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit
The post How to upgrade Debian 10 to Debian 11 Bullseye using the CLI appeared first on nixCraft.
{nixCraft Patreon supporters content}
This guide explains how to set up Redis sentinel failover cluster for caching database or any other data type in high availability node.
The post How to set up Redis sentinel cluster on Ubuntu or Debian Linux appeared first on Opensource Flare✨.
When working with Ubuntu, Debian Linux, and ZFS, you will run into ZFS cache size problems. You see, not all Ubuntu or Debian servers need aggressive file caching. Some servers act as a web server or run Linux container workloads or KVM guest VMs where you want those guest VMs to manage their own caching. Therefore, it would be best to have tons of ECC RAM for ZFS. Unfortunately, not all projects get that kind of extravagance in real life. This page explains how to set up ZFS arc size on Ubuntu/Debian or any Linux distro of your choice. So that, Linux kernel avoid running out of memory.
Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit
The post How to set up ZFS ARC size on Ubuntu/Debian Linux appeared first on nixCraft.
Did you know? You can turn off the banner in Linux or Unix using a particular file. When you log in using ssh or other methods, you will find tons of information on the screen. Here is how my FreeBSD home server login looks:
Default motd with my hardware and other info
The first one is /etc/motd, and the second is the output of neofetch called from ~/.profile file. And my Ubuntu Linux box showing stuff too when I login using the ssh command:
Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit
The post Quick Tip: Turn off the login banner in Linux or Unix .hushlogin file appeared first on nixCraft.
Typically we use the lscpu command or /proc/cpuinfo command on Linux to check CPU information. I recently found another simplistic yet fancier CPU architecture fetching tool inspired by neofetch, pfetch or screenfetch. Let us see how to install cpufetch on Linux, macOS, Android, and Windows to fetch CPU details.
Love this? sudo share_on: Twitter - Facebook - LinkedIn - Whatsapp - Reddit
The post cpufetch – awesome CPU architecture info tool for Linux and macOS appeared first on nixCraft.
Even if you do not use the curl command daily, the chances are high that you are still using curl and don't know. IoT and tons of other services on the Internet depend upon libcurl for network operations. Daniel Stenberg is a Swedish software developer, recipient of the Polhem Prize 2017, on cURL. Recently I did a quick Q and A with Daniel about starting the curl project and his daily workflow.
The post Interview with curl creator and Swedish software developer Daniel Stenberg appeared first on nixCraft.
We can easily add a key file to LUKS disk encryption on Linux when running the cryptsetup command. A key file is used as the passphrase to unlock an encrypted volume. The passphrase allows Linux users to open encrypted disks utilizing a keyboard or over an ssh-based session. There are different types of key files we can add and enable LUKS disk encryption on Linux as per our needs:
Let us see how to enable LUKS disk encryption with a key file.
The post How to enable LUKS disk encryption with keyfile on Linux appeared first on nixCraft.
I have Debian 10 Linux cloud server, and it is configured to get IP addresses via DHCP. How do I convert DHCP address to static IP address settings?
The post How to set up static IP address on Debian Linux 10/11 appeared first on nixCraft.
Any logged-in unprivileged user can abuse an old bug in sudo to gain root privileges. It was rated as an important security issue for Linux and Unix-like operating systems. The Qualys research team has discovered the heap overflow vulnerability in sudo itself has been hiding in plain sight for nearly 10 years. The bug allows any local users to gain root access without authentication (no user's password needed). We need to apply patches to our operating systems as soon as possible.
The post Critical bug in sudo puts Linux and Unix systems at risk appeared first on nixCraft.
We use the df command to show how much disk space is free on mounted file systems in Linux, macOS, and Unix-like systems. We also have the du command to estimate file space usage. We now have another fancy and fantastic looking tool called duf to display statistics on free disk space in Unix, Linux, macOS, *BSD, Android, and Windows written in Golang.
The post duf – Disk Usage/Free Utility for Linux, BSD, macOS & Windows appeared first on nixCraft.
On Linux, we encrypt our partitions and entire disk using Linux Unified Key Setup-on-disk-format (LUKS) for security and privacy reasons. We unlock LUKS protected disk by providing a passphrase at boot time. You need to be in front of your computer or use a remote console to open the encrypted disk under Linux at boot time. However, if your system is in the basement, remote datacenter/office, or upstairs office, you won't able to unlock and boot your Linux box. We can use the Dropbear SSH server for LUKS encrypted Debian or Ubuntu or any other Linux distro via SSH to solve this problem. Let us see how to unlock LUKS using Dropbear SSH keys in Linux at boot time.
The post How to unlock LUKS using Dropbear SSH keys remotely in Linux appeared first on nixCraft.
We use encryption to protect mobile devices. For instance, I always use LUKS disk encryption to protect all files stored on my SSD. Dm-crypt (Cryptsetup and LUKS) open-source disk encryption is transparent disk encryption and a great way to keep your data secure. However, changing passphrase is a bit of a challenge for new Linux users and developers. This step-by-step guide explains how to find LUKS slots assigned to you and change your passphrase on a Debian/Ubuntu, CentOS/RHEL, OpenSUSE/SUSE other Linux distros.
The post How to change LUKS disk encryption passphrase in Linux appeared first on nixCraft.
I have an Intel Corporation Wireless/WiFi 8265 / 8275 (rev 78) card. How do I configure this card? I always get an error, "iwlwifi 0000:01:00.0: firmware: failed to load iwlwifi-8265-36.ucode". How do I load iwlwifi-8265-36 firmware and enable this driver card on Debian Linux version 10/11 and assign an IP address using DHCP?
The post How to configure Intel Wifi on Debian Linux when you get firmware: failed to load iwlwifi-8265-36.ucode error appeared first on nixCraft.
The bashtop is an impressive Linux resource monitor that shows usage and stats for processor, memory, disks, and network. However, it suffers from bash itself, and cross-platform support is a nightmare. Now we have the Python port of bashtop. We can use a resource monitor that shows usage and stats for CPU, RAM, SSD (hard disk), network, and processes information in a lovely format.
The post bpytop – Awesome Linux, macOS and FreeBSD resource monitor appeared first on nixCraft.
Current GNU/Bash maintainer Chet Ramey announced the latest major release, Bash 5.1, on December 7th, 2020. Bash is the default shell on many Linux distros and popular among developers, especially those working with Linux containers. It is the fifth major release of bash. It came with a new enhanced random number generation and added a new variable called SRANDOM. Let us see how to install and use newly released GNU/BASH 5.1 on Linux.
The post GNU/Bash 5.1 released with the random ${SRANDOM} number engine appeared first on nixCraft.
A video card is a special circuit board that controls what is displayed on a computer monitor. It is also called a graphics processing unit (GPU), which calculates 3D images and graphics for Linux gaming and other usages. Let us see the top 7 Linux GPU monitoring and diagnostic command-line tools to solve issues.
The post Top 7 Linux GPU Monitoring and Diagnostic Commands Line Tools appeared first on nixCraft.
How can I install MySQL server 8.0 on Debian 10 LTS Linux server? How do I add a new MySQL user and database on the newly set up Debian server running on AWS EC2 server?
The post How to install MySQL server on Debian 10 Linux appeared first on nixCraft.
So how do you stream audio from your Apple iOS or Google Android phone to your laptop speaker? Let us see how to set up a Bluetooth speaker to stream audio from your Android / iOS mobile phone to your Linux based laptop or desktop that got better audio speakers.
The post Linux set up bluetooth speaker to stream audio from your Android / iOS mobile phone appeared first on nixCraft.
How do I use the systemctl command to view status of a systemd service on Linux operating systems?
The post How to view status of a service on Linux using systemctl appeared first on nixCraft.
I am using Debian / Ubuntu Linux server. How do I save iptables rules permanently on Linux using the CLI added using the iptables command? How can I store iptables IPv4 and IPv6 rules permanently on the Debian Linux cloud server?
The post How to save iptables firewall rules permanently on Linux appeared first on nixCraft.
Previously I explained how to encrypt Linux partitions or disk with the LUKS (Linux Unified Key Setup)/dm-crypt. In this quick blog post, I will explain how to backup and restore LUKS header for emergency purposes. Backup is useful for recovering from misconfigurations, corrupted headers or forgotten passphrase or unknown password.
The post How to backup and restore LUKS header on Linux appeared first on nixCraft.
How do I hold back packages on an Ubuntu / Debian Linux to prevent updating of a specific package? How can I blacklist package updates using the apt command/apt-get command?
The post apt-get hold back packages on Ubuntu / Debian Linux appeared first on nixCraft.
There is a new kid in town for resource monitoring on Linux called bashtop. As the name suggests, the entire tool coded in the bash script itself that displays usage and stats for CPU, RAD, HDD/SSD, network, and other resources. Let us see how to install and use bashtop, which is an awesome Linux resource monitor. You don't need a Linux desktop to install it. You can also install this app on macOS/FreeBSD provided that you meet software requirements.
The post bashtop – Awesome Linux resource monitor that shows usage and stats for processor, memory, disks, and network appeared first on nixCraft.
Here are 10 Linux command to know the system and increase your productivity quickly.
The post 10 Linux commands to know the system appeared first on nixCraft.
Lateo.net - Flux RSS en pagaille (pour en ajouter : @ moi) 