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How to Handle Django Forms within Modal Dialogs

Par : Aidas Bendoraitis a.k.a. archatas

I like django-crispy-forms. You can use it for stylish uniform HTML forms with Bootstrap, TailwindCSS, or even your custom template pack. But when it comes to custom widgets and dynamic form handling, it was always a challenge. Recently I discovered htmx. It's a JavaScript framework that handles Ajax communication based on custom HTML attributes. In this article, I will explore how you can use django-crispy-forms with htmx to provide a form with server-side validation in a modal dialog.

The setup

For this experiment, I will be using these PyPI packages:

Django - my beloved Python web framework.
django-crispy-forms - library for stylized forms.
crispy-bootstrap5 - Bootstrap 5 template pack for django-crispy-forms.
django-htmx - some handy htmx helpers for Django projects.

Also, I will use the CDN versions of Bootstrap5 and htmx.

The form

I decided to add some crispy style to the login form by extending Django's authentication form and attaching a crispy helper to it.

from django.contrib.auth.forms import AuthenticationForm
from crispy_forms.helper import FormHelper
from crispy_forms.layout import Layout
from crispy_bootstrap5 import bootstrap5


class LoginForm(AuthenticationForm):
    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)

        self.helper = FormHelper()
        self.helper.form_tag = False
        self.helper.include_media = False
        self.helper.layout = Layout(
            bootstrap5.FloatingField("username", autocomplete="username"),
            bootstrap5.FloatingField("password", autocomplete="current-password"),
        )

Here I set form_tag to False to skip the <form> tag from the rendered form elements because I want to customize it in the templates. And I set include_media to False because I want to manually handle the media inclusion, as you will see later, instead of automatically including them in the form.

The views

I will have two views:

The home view will have a button to open a modal dialog for login.
The login form view will handle the form and return the HTML markup for the dialog.

from django.shortcuts import render, redirect
from django.contrib.auth import login as auth_login, logout as auth_logout
from django_htmx.http import HttpResponseClientRefresh
from .forms import LoginForm


def home(request):
    if request.user.is_authenticated:
        return render(request, "dashboard.html")
    return render(request, "home.html", context)


def login(request):
    if request.method == "POST":
        form = LoginForm(request=request, data=request.POST, prefix="login")
        template_name = "login_form.html"
        if form.is_valid():
            user = form.get_user()
            auth_login(request, user)
            return HttpResponseClientRefresh()
    else:
        form = LoginForm(request=request, prefix="login")
        template_name = "login_dialog.html"
    context = {"form": form}
    return render(request, template_name, context)

The home view just returns different templates based on whether the user is logged in or not.

The login view handles a login form and renders different templates based on whether the view was accessed by GET or POST method. If the login succeeds, a special HttpResponseClientRefresh response is returned, which tells htmx to refresh the page from where the login form was loaded and submitted. It's an empty response with the HX-Refresh: true header.

Then I plug those two views into my urls.py rules.

The templates and javascript

At the end of the base.html template, I include htmx from CDN and my custom dialog.js:

<script src="https://unpkg.com/htmx.org@1.8.2" integrity="sha384-+8ISc/waZcRdXCLxVgbsLzay31nCdyZXQxnsUy++HJzJliTzxKWr0m1cIEMyUzQu" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
<script src="{% static 'js/dialog.js' %}"></script>

In the home.html template, I add a button which will open the dialog:

<button
    data-hx-get="{% url 'login' %}"
    data-hx-target="main"
    data-hx-swap="beforeend"
    type="button"
    class="btn btn-primary"
>Log in</button>

Note that htmx allows either hx-* syntax or data-hx-* for its HTML attributes and I prefer the latter because data-* attributes make a valid HTML document.

In the snippet above, I tell htmx to load the login page on the button click and insert it before the end of the <main> HTML tag.

Let's have a look at my dialog.js file:

function init_widgets_for_htmx_element(target) {
    // init other widgets

    // init modal dialogs
    if (target.tagName === 'DIALOG') {
        target.showModal();
        htmx.on('.close-dialog', 'click', function(event) {
            var dialog = htmx.find('dialog[open]');
            dialog.close();
            htmx.remove(dialog);
        });
    }
}

htmx.onLoad(init_widgets_for_htmx_element);

Here, when a page loads or a htmx inserts a snippet, the init_widgets_for_htmx_element function will be called with the <body> or the inserted element as the target. One can use this function to initialize widgets, such as rich text fields, autocompletes, tabs, custom frontend validators, etc. Also, I use this function to open the loaded modal dialogs and add event handlers to close them.

Now the login_dialog.html template looks like this (I just stripped the styling markup):

<dialog id="htmx-dialog">
    <h1>Login</h1>
    <button type="button" class="close-dialog btn-close" aria-label="Close"></button>
    {% include "login_form.html" %}
    <button type="submit" form="htmx-dialog-form">Log in</button>
</dialog>

And the login_form.html looks like this:

<form
    id="htmx-dialog-form"
    novalidate
    data-hx-post="{% url 'login' %}"
    data-hx-swap="outerHTML"
>
    {% load crispy_forms_tags %}
    {% crispy form %}
</form>

The htmx attributes tell htmx to submit the form data to the login view by Ajax and replace the <form> HTML tag with the response received. That is used for form validation. If the response has the HX-Refresh: true header, as mentioned before, then the home page is refreshed.

Here is what the result looks like:

The form media

If you noticed before, we excluded the media from the form. Otherwise, the home page would load the media of its own forms (for example, a search form) and the media of the dialog forms. And that would cause double executions of shared scripts, for example, the ones for autocompletes and rich text fields.

You can nicely combine media from different forms by concatenating the media instances. This way, each CSS and Javascript file is included just once.

As the login form isn't part of the home page but instead included on demand, I need to have its media in the home view or any other view where the login button is shown.

Here comes this custom context processor for help:

def login_dialog(request):
    from .forms import LoginForm

    if not request.user.is_authenticated:
        form = LoginForm(request=request)
        if hasattr(request, "combined_media"):
            request.combined_media += form.media
        else:
            request.combined_media = form.media
    return {}

It checks for any request.combined_media and attaches the form media from the login form.

Lastly, I attach this context processor to the template settings and render the value of combined media before </body>:

{{ request.combined_media }}

The final words

Get the code to play with from Github. As you can see, htmx makes Ajax communications pretty straightforward, even when it's about dynamically loading and reloading parts of the content or initializing custom widgets.

Cover photo by Pixabay

DjangoTricks
How I Tested ReactJS-based Webapp with Selenium
10 avril 2020 à 20:32

How I Tested ReactJS-based Webapp with Selenium

Par : Aidas Bendoraitis a.k.a. archatas

How I Tested ReactJS-based Webapp with Selenium

For quite some time, I have been building a SaaS product - strategic prioritizer 1st things 1st. It's using Django in the backend and ReactJS in the frontend and communicating between those ends by REST API. Every week I try to make progress with this project, be it a more prominent feature, some content changes, or small styling tweaks. In the past week, I implemented frontend testing with Selenium, and I want to share my journey with you.

What can you do with 1st things 1st

1st things 1st allows you to evaluate a list of items by multiple criteria and calculates priorities for you to follow and take action. The service has 4 main steps:

Defining criteria.
Listing out things.
Evaluating things by each criterion.
Exploring the priorities.

Selenium is a testing tool that mimics user interaction in the browser: you can fill in fields, trigger events, or read out information from the HTML tags. To test the frontend of 1st things 1st with Selenium, I had to

enter the user credentials and login,
create a project from a blank project template,
add some criteria,
add some things to do,
evaluate each thing by each criterion, and
see if the generated list of priorities was correct.

Let's see how I did it.

Preparation

In 2020, Chrome is the most popular browser, and it's my default browser, so I decided to develop tests using it.

I had to install Selenium with pip into my virtual environment:

(venv)$ pip install selenium

Also, I needed a binary chromedriver, which makes Selenium talk to your Chrome browser. I downloaded it and placed it under myproject/drivers/chromedriver.

In the Django project configuration, I needed a couple of settings. I usually have separate settings-file for each of the environments, such as:

myproject.settings.local for the local development,
myproject.settings.staging for the staging server,
myproject.settings.test for testing, and
myproject.settings.production for production.

All of them import defaults from a common base, and I have to set only the differences for each environment.

In the myproject.settings.test I added these settings:

WEBSITE_URL = 'http://my.1st-things-1st.127.0.0.1.xip.io:8080'  # no trailing slash

TESTS_SHOW_BROWSER = True

Here for the WEBSITE_URL, I was using the xip.io service. It allows you to create domains dynamically pointing to the localhost or any other IP. The Selenium tests will use this URL.

The TEST_SHOW_BROWSER was my custom setting, telling whether to show a browser while testing the frontend or just to run the tests in the background.

The test case

In one of my apps, myproject.apps.evaluations, I created a tests package, and there I placed a test case test_evaluations_frontend.py with the following content:

import os
from time import sleep
from datetime import timedelta

from django.conf import settings
from django.test import LiveServerTestCase
from django.test import override_settings
from django.contrib.auth import get_user_model
from django.utils import timezone

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait


User = get_user_model()

SHOW_BROWSER = getattr(settings, "TESTS_SHOW_BROWSER", False)


@override_settings(DEBUG=True)
class EvaluationTest(LiveServerTestCase):
    host = settings.WEBSITE_URL.rsplit(":", 1)[0].replace(
        "http://", ""
    )  # domain before port
    port = int(settings.WEBSITE_URL.rsplit(":", 1)[1])  # port
    USER1_USERNAME = "user1"
    USER1_FIRST_NAME = "user1"
    USER1_LAST_NAME = "user1"
    USER1_EMAIL = "user1@example.com"
    USER1_PASSWORD = "change-me"

    @classmethod
    def setUpClass(cls):
        # …

    @classmethod
    def tearDownClass(cls):
        # …

    def wait_until_element_found(self, xpath):
        # …

    def wait_a_little(self, seconds=2):
        # …

    def test_evaluations(self):
        # …

It's a live-server test case, which runs a Django development server under the specified IP and port and then runs the Chrome browser via Selenium and navigates through the DOM and fills in forms.

By default, the LiveServerTestCase runs in non-debug mode, but I want to have the debug mode on so that I could see any causes of server errors. With the @override_settings decorator, I could change the DEBUG setting to True.

The host and port attributes define on which host and port the test server will be running (instead of a 127.0.0.1 and a random port). I extracted those values from the WEBSITE_URL setting.

The test case also had some attributes for the user who will be navigating through the web app.

Let's dig deeper into the code for each method.

Test-case setup and teardown

Django test cases can have class-level setup and teardown, which run before and after all methods whose names start with test_:

    @classmethod
    def setUpClass(cls):
        super().setUpClass()
        cls.user1 = User.objects.create_user(
            cls.USER1_USERNAME, cls.USER1_EMAIL, cls.USER1_PASSWORD
        )
        # … add subscription for this new user …

        driver_path = os.path.join(settings.BASE_DIR, "drivers", "chromedriver")
        chrome_options = Options()
        if not SHOW_BROWSER:
            chrome_options.add_argument("--headless")
        chrome_options.add_argument("--window-size=1200,800")

        cls.browser = webdriver.Chrome(
            executable_path=driver_path, options=chrome_options
        )
        cls.browser.delete_all_cookies()

    @classmethod
    def tearDownClass(cls):
        super().tearDownClass()
        cls.browser.quit()
        # … delete subscription for the user …
        cls.user1.delete()

In the setup, I created a new user, added a subscription to them, and prepared the Chrome browser to use.

If the TEST_SHOW_BROWSER setting was False, Chrome was running headless, that is, in the background without displaying a browser window.

When the tests were over, the browser closed, and the subscription, as well as the user, were deleted.

Utility methods

I created two utility methods for my Selenium test: wait_until_element_found() and wait_a_little():

    def wait_until_element_found(self, xpath):
        WebDriverWait(self.browser, timeout=10).until(
            lambda x: self.browser.find_element_by_xpath(xpath)
        )

    def wait_a_little(self, seconds=2):
        if SHOW_BROWSER:
            sleep(seconds)

I used the wait_until_element_found(xpath) method to keep the test running while pages switched.

I used the wait_a_little(seconds) method to stop the execution for 2 or more seconds so that I could follow what's on the screen, make some screenshots, or even inspect the DOM in the Web Developer Inspector.

XPath

Selenium allows to select DOM elements by ID, name, CSS class, tag name, and other ways, but the most flexible approach, in my opinion, is selecting elements by XPath (XML Path Language).

Contrary to jQuery, ReactJS doesn't use IDs or CSS classes in the markup to update the contents of specific widgets. So the straightforward Selenium's methods for finding elements by IDs or classes won't always work.

XPath is a very flexible and powerful tool. For example, you can:

Select elements by ID: "//input[@id='id_title']"
Select elements by any other attribute: "//div[@aria-label='Blank']"
Select elements by innerText: "//button[.='Save']"
Select elements by CSS class and innerText: "//button[contains(@class,'btn-primary')][.='Save']"
Select the first element by innerText: "(//button[.='yes'])[1]"

You can try out XPath syntax and capabilities in Web Developer Console in Chrome and Firefox, using the $x() function, for example:

»  $x("//h1[.='Projects']")
←  Array [ h1.display-4.mb-4 ]

Login and adding a project

I started with opening a login page, dismissing cookie consent notification, filling in user credentials into the login form, creating a new project from a blank template, setting title and description, etc.

    def test_evaluations(self):
        self.browser.get(f"{self.live_server_url}/")
        self.wait_until_element_found("//h1[.='Log in or Sign up']")
        # Accept Cookie Consent
        self.wait_until_element_found("//a[.='Got it!']")
        self.browser.find_element_by_xpath("//a[.='Got it!']").click()
        # Log in
        self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_email").send_keys(self.USER1_EMAIL)
        self.browser.find_element_by_id("id_password").send_keys(self.USER1_PASSWORD)
        self.browser.find_element_by_xpath('//button[text()="Log in"]').send_keys(
            "\n"
        )  # submit the form

        self.wait_until_element_found("//h1[.='Projects']")

        # Click on "Add new project"
        self.wait_until_element_found("//a[.='Add new project']")

        self.wait_a_little()
        self.browser.find_element_by_xpath("//a[.='Add new project']").send_keys("\n")

        self.wait_until_element_found("//div[@aria-label='Blank']")

        # Create a project from the project template "Blank"
        self.wait_a_little()
        self.browser.find_element_by_xpath("//div[@aria-label='Blank']").send_keys("\n")

        # Enter project title and description
        self.wait_until_element_found("//input[@id='id_title']")
        self.browser.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@id='id_title']").send_keys(
            "Urgent and Important Activities"
        )
        self.browser.find_element_by_xpath(
            "//textarea[@id='id_description']"
        ).send_keys("I want to find which things to do and which to skip.")
        self.browser.find_element_by_xpath("//button[.='Next']").send_keys("\n")

        # Keep the default verbose names for the criteria and initiatives
        self.wait_until_element_found("//input[@id='id_initiative_verbose_name_plural']")
        self.wait_a_little()
        self.browser.find_element_by_xpath("//button[.='Next']").send_keys("\n")

If TESTS_SHOW_BROWSER was set to True, we would see all this workflow in an opened browser window.

I was creating the test by carefully inspecting the markup in Web Developer Inspector and creating appropriate DOM navigation with XPath. For most of the navigation, I was using send_keys() method, which triggers keyboard events. During the testing, I also noticed that my cookie consent only worked with a mouse click, and I couldn't approve it by the keyboard. That's some room for improving accessibility.

I ran the test with the following command each time I added some more lines:

(venv)$ python manage.py test myproject.apps.evaluations --settings=myproject.settings.test

The test case failed if any command in the test failed. I didn't even need asserts.

Adding criteria

Now it was time to add some criteria:

        self.wait_until_element_found("//h2[.='Criteria']")

        # Add new criterion "Urgent" with the evaluation type Yes/No/Maybe
        self.wait_until_element_found("//a[.='Add new criterion']")
        self.browser.find_element_by_xpath("//a[.='Add new criterion']").send_keys("\n")
        self.wait_until_element_found("//input[@id='id_title']")
        self.browser.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@id='id_title']").send_keys(
            "Urgent"
        )
        self.browser.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@id='widget_y']").send_keys(" ")
        self.browser.find_element_by_xpath("//button[.='Save']").send_keys("\n")

        # Add new criterion "Important" with the evaluation type Yes/No/Maybe
        self.wait_until_element_found("//a[.='Add new criterion']")
        self.browser.find_element_by_xpath("//a[.='Add new criterion']").send_keys("\n")
        self.wait_until_element_found("//input[@id='id_title']")
        self.browser.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@id='id_title']").send_keys(
            "Important"
        )
        self.browser.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@id='widget_y']").send_keys(" ")
        self.browser.find_element_by_xpath("//button[.='Save']").send_keys("\n")

        # Click on the button "Done"
        self.wait_until_element_found("//a[.='Done']")
        self.browser.find_element_by_xpath("//a[.='Done']").send_keys("\n")

I added two criteria, "Urgent" and "Important", with evaluation type "Yes/No/Maybe".

Defining criteria

Adding things

Then I created some activities to evaluate:

        self.wait_until_element_found("//h2[.='Things']")

        # Add new thing "Write a blog post"
        self.wait_until_element_found("//a[.='Add new thing']")
        self.browser.find_element_by_xpath("//a[.='Add new thing']").send_keys("\n")
        self.wait_until_element_found("//input[@id='id_title']")
        self.browser.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@id='id_title']").send_keys(
            "Write a blog post"
        )
        self.browser.find_element_by_xpath("//textarea[@id='id_description']").send_keys(
            "I have an idea of a blog post that I want to write."
        )
        self.browser.find_element_by_xpath("//button[.='Save']").send_keys("\n")

        # Add new thing "Fix a bug"
        self.wait_until_element_found("//a[.='Add new thing']")
        self.browser.find_element_by_xpath("//a[.='Add new thing']").send_keys("\n")
        self.wait_until_element_found("//input[@id='id_title']")
        self.browser.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@id='id_title']").send_keys(
            "Fix a bug"
        )
        self.browser.find_element_by_xpath("//textarea[@id='id_description']").send_keys(
            "There is a critical bug that bothers our clients."
        )
        self.browser.find_element_by_xpath("//button[.='Save']").send_keys("\n")

        # Add new thing "Binge-watch a series"
        self.wait_until_element_found("//a[.='Add new thing']")
        self.browser.find_element_by_xpath("//a[.='Add new thing']").send_keys("\n")
        self.wait_until_element_found("//input[@id='id_title']")
        self.browser.find_element_by_xpath("//input[@id='id_title']").send_keys(
            "Binge-watch a series"
        )
        self.browser.find_element_by_xpath("//textarea[@id='id_description']").send_keys(
            "There is an exciting series that I would like to watch."
        )
        self.browser.find_element_by_xpath("//button[.='Save']").send_keys("\n")

        # Click on the button "Done"
        self.wait_until_element_found("//a[.='Done']")
        self.browser.find_element_by_xpath("//a[.='Done']").send_keys("\n")

These were three activities: "Write a blog post", "Fix a bug", and "Binge-watch a series" with their descriptions:

Listing out things

Evaluating things

In this step, there was a list of widgets to evaluate each thing by each criterion with answers "No", "Maybe", or "Yes". The buttons for those answers had no specific id or CSS class, but I could target them by the text on the button using XPath like "//button[.='maybe']":

        self.wait_until_element_found("//h2[.='Evaluations']")
        self.wait_until_element_found("//button[.='maybe']")

        # Evaluate all things by Urgency
        self.browser.find_element_by_xpath("(//button[.='no'])[1]").send_keys("\n")
        self.wait_until_element_found("//footer[.='Evaluation saved.']")
        self.browser.find_element_by_xpath("(//button[.='yes'])[2]").send_keys("\n")
        self.wait_until_element_found("//footer[.='Evaluation saved.']")
        self.browser.find_element_by_xpath("(//button[.='no'])[3]").send_keys("\n")
        self.wait_until_element_found("//footer[.='Evaluation saved.']")

        # Evaluate all things by Importance
        self.browser.find_element_by_xpath("(//button[.='yes'])[4]").send_keys("\n")
        self.wait_until_element_found("//footer[.='Evaluation saved.']")
        self.browser.find_element_by_xpath("(//button[.='yes'])[5]").send_keys("\n")
        self.wait_until_element_found("//footer[.='Evaluation saved.']")
        self.browser.find_element_by_xpath("(//button[.='maybe'])[6]").send_keys("\n")
        self.wait_until_element_found("//footer[.='Evaluation saved.']")

        # Click on the button "Done"
        self.browser.find_element_by_xpath("//a[.='Done']").send_keys("\n")

Evaluating things

These were my evaluations:

"Write a blog post" was not urgent, but important.
"Fix a bug" was urgent and important.
"Binge-watch a series" was not urgent and maybe important (because one has to have rest and feed imagination too).

Checking priorities

So in the last step, I got the calculated priorities:

        self.wait_until_element_found("//h2[.='Priorities']")

        self.wait_until_element_found("//h5[.='1. Fix a bug (100%)']")
        self.wait_until_element_found("//h5[.='2. Write a blog post (50%)']")
        self.wait_until_element_found("//h5[.='3. Binge-watch a series (25%)']")
        self.wait_a_little()

Exploring priorities

The results looked correct:

"Fix a bug" was of the 100% priority.
"Write a blog post" was of the 50% priority.
"Binge-watch a series was of the 25% priority.

Final words

Selenium needs a binary browser driver that lets you manipulate DOM in the browser from Python.
You can set a specific host and port for a LiveServerTestCase.
The Chrome browser can be displayed or executed in the background, depending on your settings.
XPath is a flexible and powerful tool to address DOM elements by any attributes or even inner text.
Selenium can trigger keyboard or mouse events that are handled by JavaScript functions.

I hope that my journey was useful to you too.

Happy coding!

Thanks a lot to Adam Johnson for the review.
Cover photo by Science in HD.

DjangoTricks
Working with Dates and Times in the Forms
8 octobre 2019 à 22:53

Working with Dates and Times in the Forms

Par : Aidas Bendoraitis a.k.a. archatas

HTML5 comes with a bunch of new types for the input fields that are rendered as rich native widgets. Browsers even restrict invalid values and validate the input immediately. Let's explore how we could make use of them in Django forms.

We will be using an Exhibition model with models.DateField, models.TimeField, and models.DateTimeField:

# exhibitions/models.py
from django.db import models
from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _

class Exhibition(models.Model):
    title = models.CharField(_("Title"), max_length=200)
    start = models.DateField(_("Start"))
    end = models.DateField(_("End"), blank=True, null=True)
    opening = models.TimeField(_("Opening every day"))
    closing = models.TimeField(_("Closing every day"))
    vernissage = models.DateTimeField(_("Vernissage"), blank=True, null=True)
    finissage = models.DateTimeField(_("Finissage"), blank=True, null=True)

    class Meta:
        verbose_name = _("Exhibition")
        verbose_name_plural = _("Exhibitions")

    def __str__(self):
        return self.title

Here is a quick model form for the Exhibition model:

# exhibitions/forms.py
from django import forms
from .models import Exhibition

class ExhibitionForm(forms.ModelForm):
    class Meta:
        model = Exhibition
        fields = "__all__"

If we now open a Django shell and create an instance of the model form with some initial values, then print the form as HTML to the console, we will notice, that all date and time fields are rendered as <input type="text" /> and the values for the dates are in a local format, not the ISO standard YYYY-MM-DD:

(venv)$ python manage.py shell
>>> from exhibitions.forms import ExhibitionForm
>>> from datetime import datetime, date, time
>>> form = ExhibitionForm(initial={
...     "start": date(2020, 1, 1),
...     "end": date(2020, 3, 31),
...     "opening": time(11, 0),
...     "closing": time(20, 0),
...     "vernissage": datetime(2019, 12, 27, 19, 0),
...     "finissage": datetime(2020, 4, 1, 19, 0),
>>> })
>>> print(form.as_p())
<p><label for="id_title">Title:</label> <input type="text" name="title" maxlength="200" required id="id_title"></p>
<p><label for="id_start">Start:</label> <input type="text" name="start" value="01.01.2020" required id="id_start"></p>
<p><label for="id_end">End:</label> <input type="text" name="end" value="31.03.2020" id="id_end"></p>
<p><label for="id_opening">Opening every day:</label> <input type="text" name="opening" value="11:00:00" required id="id_opening"></p>
<p><label for="id_closing">Closing every day:</label> <input type="text" name="closing" value="20:00:00" required id="id_closing"></p>
<p><label for="id_vernissage">Vernissage:</label> <input type="text" name="vernissage" value="27.12.2019 19:00:00" id="id_vernissage"></p>
<p><label for="id_finissage">Finissage:</label> <input type="text" name="finissage" value="01.04.2020 19:00:00" id="id_finissage"></p>

Let's modify the model form and customize the date and time inputs. We will extend and use forms.DateInput, forms.TimeInput, and forms.DateTimeInput widgets. We want to show date inputs as <input type="date" />, time inputs as <input type="time" />, and date-time inputs as <input type="datetime-local" />. In addition, the format for the dates should be based on ISO standard.

# exhibitions/forms.py
from django import forms
from .models import Exhibition


class DateInput(forms.DateInput):
    input_type = "date"

    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
        kwargs["format"] = "%Y-%m-%d"
        super().__init__(**kwargs)


class TimeInput(forms.TimeInput):
    input_type = "time"


class DateTimeInput(forms.DateTimeInput):
    input_type = "datetime-local"

    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
        kwargs["format"] = "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M"
        super().__init__(**kwargs)


class ExhibitionForm(forms.ModelForm):
    class Meta:
        model = Exhibition
        fields = "__all__"

    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
        self.fields["start"].widget = DateInput()
        self.fields["end"].widget = DateInput()
        self.fields["opening"].widget = TimeInput()
        self.fields["closing"].widget = TimeInput()
        self.fields["vernissage"].widget = DateTimeInput()
        self.fields["vernissage"].input_formats = ["%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M", "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M"]
        self.fields["finissage"].widget = DateTimeInput()
        self.fields["finissage"].input_formats = ["%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M", "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M"]

Let's see now in the Django shell if that worked as expected:

(venv)$ python manage.py shell
>>> from exhibitions.forms import ExhibitionForm
>>> from datetime import datetime, date, time
>>> form = ExhibitionForm(initial={
...     "start": date(2020, 1, 1),
...     "end": date(2020, 3, 31),
...     "opening": time(11, 0),
...     "closing": time(20, 0),
...     "vernissage": datetime(2019, 12, 27, 19, 0),
...     "finissage": datetime(2020, 4, 1, 19, 0),
>>> })
>>> print(form.as_p())
<p><label for="id_title">Title:</label> <input type="text" name="title" maxlength="200" required id="id_title"></p>
<p><label for="id_start">Start:</label> <input type="date" name="start" value="2020-01-01" required id="id_start"></p>
<p><label for="id_end">End:</label> <input type="date" name="end" value="2020-03-31" id="id_end"></p>
<p><label for="id_opening">Opening every day:</label> <input type="time" name="opening" value="11:00:00" required id="id_opening"></p>
<p><label for="id_closing">Closing every day:</label> <input type="time" name="closing" value="20:00:00" required id="id_closing"></p>
<p><label for="id_vernissage">Vernissage:</label> <input type="datetime-local" name="vernissage" value="2019-12-27T19:00" id="id_vernissage"></p>
<p><label for="id_finissage">Finissage:</label> <input type="datetime-local" name="finissage" value="2020-04-01T19:00" id="id_finissage"></p>

The same way you can also create widgets for other HTML5 input types: color, email, month, number, range, tel, url, week, and alike.

Happy coding!

Cover photo by Eric Rothermel.

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